2006年專業(yè)四級(jí)考試語法復(fù)習(xí)資料

作者：專四命題研究中心 日期：2006-04-04 17:36:09

2006年專業(yè)四級(jí)考試語法復(fù)習(xí)資料

長沙理工大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院英語專業(yè)四級(jí)命題研究小組編寫

一、考綱要求及語法知識(shí)常考點(diǎn)

（一）名詞、代詞的數(shù)和格的構(gòu)成及其用法

1．有關(guān)名詞的格的考點(diǎn)：

名詞可分為主格、賓格和所用格。專業(yè)四級(jí)英語主要是考查名詞所用格的掌握情況。所有格可分為’s所有格與介詞of所有格，前者一般用于有生命的名詞，如：the boy’s ball，后者用于無生命的名詞，如：the topic of the conversation（話題）。另外還有雙重屬格，其表現(xiàn)形式為A of B’s，其中B必須是指人的名詞。如：a book of my wife’s（我妻子的一本書），而不能說a funnel of the ship’s.

考點(diǎn)一：當(dāng)名詞表示地理、國家、城市、時(shí)間等詞時(shí)，應(yīng)該把它們當(dāng)作有生命的名詞對(duì)待，即用’s所有格。如：

Europe’s future歐洲的未來

Today’s newspaper今天的報(bào)紙

考點(diǎn)二：表示某物為兩人或多人共有時(shí)，在最后一個(gè)人名后加’s，如果為詞組內(nèi)并列名詞各自所有時(shí)，則要在各個(gè)名詞后都加’s，例如：

Mary and Linda’s book瑪麗與琳達(dá)（共同擁有）的書

Tom’s and Peter’s fathers湯姆的父親與彼得的父親

考點(diǎn)三：人名’S所有格結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示某人所在的店鋪、家庭、學(xué)校與教堂等地點(diǎn)。

I am going to the tailor’s to get my dress.我要去裁縫店拿回我的衣服。

I buy my meat at the Johnson’s我常在約翰遜開的肉鋪買肉。

They took part in the birthday party at Tom’s.他們參加了在湯姆家舉行的生日宴會(huì)。

2.有關(guān)名詞數(shù)的考點(diǎn)：

考點(diǎn)一：復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)：一般而言，我們把核心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式即可，如：passers-by, mothers-in-law; assistant directors；girl friends，但當(dāng)修飾詞是man，woman時(shí)，復(fù)合詞各組成部分都要變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，例如：menservants，womenservants

考點(diǎn)二：復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞用于單數(shù)概念，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。這些名詞一般為表示學(xué)科、疾病及一些專有名詞，如：economics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，measles麻疹，physics物理學(xué)，mathematics數(shù)學(xué)，dynamics動(dòng)力學(xué)，news新聞，The United States美國The New York Times紐約時(shí)報(bào)。

例：Acoustics is the science of sound waves and their production, transmission, reception and control.聲學(xué)是研究聲波及其產(chǎn)生、傳播、接受和控制的科學(xué)。

考點(diǎn)三：有些工具或衣服是由相同的兩個(gè)部分組成，英語中表示這些物體的名詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)，例如：trousers, jeans, glasses, pants, scissors, compasses等，如果這類名詞與表示單位的名詞連用，其單復(fù)數(shù)就要根據(jù)單位詞的單復(fù)數(shù)確定，例如：

A pair of scissors costs quite a lot these days.如今一把剪刀要花不少錢。

There are three pairs of trousers in the case。箱子里有三條褲子。

3．有關(guān)代詞格的考點(diǎn)：人稱代詞的主賓格與順序

考點(diǎn)一：人稱代詞的主格與賓格：I/me, we/us，you/you, he/him, she/her, it/it, they/them.主格一般做主語，也可做主語補(bǔ)足語和主語的同位語，還可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。賓格主要做賓語，也可做賓語補(bǔ)足語和用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，如：

Jason, who was afraid that he might lose his job as an employee in the company, has just had an interview with his employer and asked him for help.

考點(diǎn)二：人稱代詞的順序：在連續(xù)使用兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上人稱代詞時(shí)，通常排列為第二人稱、第三人稱、第一人稱。在承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤或自我批評(píng)時(shí)，往往把第一人稱放在第三人稱前、第二人稱后。

You and I are to finish the task together, therefore we should cooperate with each other well。

I and Betty made the mistake. Please don't blame it on the other people.

4．有關(guān)名詞、代詞做主語數(shù)的考點(diǎn)（主謂一致）

英語中，名詞與代詞做主語與謂語在數(shù)應(yīng)該保持一致，但在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中很容易被忽視，尤其是主語和謂語之間出現(xiàn)分隔，故考試中經(jīng)?？嫉街髦^一致，現(xiàn)將主謂一致的考點(diǎn)歸納如下：

考點(diǎn)一：復(fù)數(shù)原則：兩個(gè)或者兩個(gè)以上的名詞由and連接作主語時(shí)，或主語由both … and …連接時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。

如：Both reading and writing are very important.（讀寫都很重要。）注意：當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時(shí)，如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，and此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。（考查重點(diǎn)）例如：

The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.鋼鐵工業(yè)對(duì)我們的生活有重要意義。（鋼鐵表示同一概念）

The playwright and director was present at the party last night.編劇兼導(dǎo)演出席了昨晚的宴會(huì)。(指同一個(gè)人)=>試比較：The playwright and the director were present at the party last night.編劇和導(dǎo)演都出席了昨晚的宴會(huì)(指兩個(gè)人)

考點(diǎn)二：就近原則：由either … or … ; neither … nor …; not only…but also…; …or …；there be …等引導(dǎo)的主語，謂語動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。

Not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party.不單是學(xué)生，他們的老師也被邀請(qǐng)到宴會(huì)。

Either you or she is to go.不是你去，就是她去。

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.桌上有一支筆、一把小刀和幾本書。

考點(diǎn)三：就遠(yuǎn)原則：當(dāng)主語是由with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等詞組成的短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的主語部分一致。例如：

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.教師和一些學(xué)生在參觀工廠。

My mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office.我母親，還有我的兩個(gè)哥哥都有一把辦公室的鑰匙。

考點(diǎn)四：動(dòng)名詞、不定式、名詞性從句做主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。

What I said and did is of no concern to you.我所說的與所做的與你沒有關(guān)系。

Reading three classical novels is an assignment for the students during the holiday.閱讀三篇古典小說是學(xué)生們的假期作業(yè)。

To see is to believe.眼見為實(shí)

考點(diǎn)五：表示金錢，時(shí)間，價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語時(shí)，通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體概念，謂語一般用單數(shù)。

One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor.一百美元對(duì)窮人來說是一筆大數(shù)目。

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.用三個(gè)星期來做必要的準(zhǔn)備。

考點(diǎn)六：many a, more than one +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，盡管表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，但謂語仍用單數(shù)。

Many a person has read the novel. 許多人讀過這本書。

More than one stranger agrees with me.

考點(diǎn)七：由every …and every …; each … and each…; no … and no…; many a …and many a …等連接的并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

Every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.

No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.

考點(diǎn)八：用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of, the majority of等引起主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)通常與of后面的名詞/代詞保持一致。例如：

Most of his money is spent on books.他大部分的錢花在書上了。

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大部分學(xué)生積極參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。

The majority of the students like English.大部分學(xué)生喜歡英語。

考點(diǎn)九：由some，any, no，every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等不定代詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；由each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；由either, neither, each, every修飾名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)。如：

Each of us has a tape-recorder.我們每人都有錄音機(jī)。

Neither is satisfactory.兩者都不令人滿意。

（二） 動(dòng)詞的基本時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)的構(gòu)成及其用法

1.基本時(shí)態(tài)

英語共有16種時(shí)態(tài)，常用的有10種左右，根據(jù)近幾年專業(yè)四級(jí)英語試卷分析，時(shí)態(tài)測(cè)試重點(diǎn)主要有：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、將來完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，尤其是將來完成時(shí)與完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

一般時(shí)態(tài)

1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示沒有時(shí)限的持久存在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)階段反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和副詞usually，often，always sometimes，occasionally，every year, every week等連用。例如：

He likes skating in winter。他喜歡在冬天滑冰。

My neighbor does outdoor exercises every morning.我鄰居每天早上都做戶外活動(dòng)。

考點(diǎn)一：永恒的真理，即使出現(xiàn)在過去的語境中，仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：

I knew that the earth turns around the sun when I was ten.我十歲時(shí)就知道地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。

考點(diǎn)二：（2）在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。例如：

I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.明天下雨的話我們就不會(huì)去鄉(xiāng)下。

I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.

2)一般過去時(shí)

表在過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生且完成的動(dòng)作，或過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，只說明過去。表過去的時(shí)間詞有：yesterday; last week; in 1988, at that time(date); once; before; a few days ago等等。

We went to the cinema last night and saw a very interesting film.我昨晚去了電影院，看了一場(chǎng)非常有趣的電影。

考點(diǎn)一：used to +動(dòng)詞原形，表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在已不再存在的動(dòng)作或習(xí)慣

I used to do my homework in the library.我過去通常在圖書館做家庭作業(yè)。（注意與be used to doing短語的區(qū)別：He is used to swimming in winter.）

考點(diǎn)二：在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，代替過去將來時(shí)（would do）。

My father promised to buy me a computer if I passed that examination.我父親承諾如果我能通過那次考試，他就給我買臺(tái)電腦。

3)一般將來時(shí)

表示將來某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常和tomorrow, next year等表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用，其表現(xiàn)形式多達(dá)5種。

Beijingwill host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.

考點(diǎn)一：某些表示短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞如arrive, come, go, leave, start, die等，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式表示將來。

I am leaving forBeijingtomorrow.

考點(diǎn)二：“祈使句+ and/or/otherwise +句子”，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中and后面的句子謂語用一般將來時(shí)。（專業(yè)四級(jí)英語考查重點(diǎn)）

Think it over and you will find a way.再想想的話，你就會(huì)找到一條辦法。

Follow my advice，or/otherwiseyou will fail in this examination。聽聽我的意見，要不然你會(huì)考試不及格。

考點(diǎn)三：幾種替代形式：

(1) be to +v表示計(jì)劃安排要做的事，具有“必要”的強(qiáng)制性意義。例如：

We are to play basketball this afternoon.

(2) be about to +v表示即將發(fā)生的事情。例如：

He was about to leave forBeijing.

(3) be due to +v表示預(yù)先按期確定了的、必然會(huì)發(fā)生的事。例如：

The airplane is due to depart in ten minutes.

(4) be on the point/verge of +v – ing強(qiáng)調(diào)即將發(fā)生的某種事態(tài)。例如：

The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.嬰兒正準(zhǔn)備要哭時(shí)，母親趕回了家。

進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

表說話時(shí)或目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)：

We are having English class now。我們正在上英語課。

考點(diǎn)一：表感情色彩，加強(qiáng)語氣。與頻率副詞，如always，constantly，continually，again等連用表示說話人的某種情感色彩（贊嘆、厭煩、埋怨等）。

My father is continually criticizing me.我父親一直不停歇地批評(píng)我。

The little boy is always making trouble.這個(gè)小男孩老是惹麻煩。

考點(diǎn)二：表示根據(jù)計(jì)劃或安排在最近要進(jìn)行的事情。具有這種語法功能的動(dòng)詞僅限于瞬間動(dòng)詞。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：

They are leaving forHong Kongnext month.

5)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)過去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)或發(fā)生后，另一個(gè)過去的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，或表示過去反復(fù)的習(xí)慣，常與always，continually，constantly等動(dòng)詞連用，也可以表過去情感色彩。

We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.校長進(jìn)來時(shí)我們正在討論此事。

I am leaving for Hong Kong when my father came back。我父親回來的時(shí)候我正計(jì)劃去香港。

6)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

表將來某個(gè)時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或按計(jì)劃一定會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。

I’ll be going shopping this time tomorrow.明天這會(huì)兒我會(huì)在逛商店。

完成時(shí)態(tài)

7)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

考點(diǎn)一：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作在說話之前已完成，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。句中沒有具體時(shí)間狀語。

He has gone toBeijing. /He has been toBeijing.

考點(diǎn)二：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去，常用for和sine表示一段時(shí)間的狀語或so far, this week (month, year)等表示包括現(xiàn)在內(nèi)的狀語。

He has studied English for 5 years.

He has studied English since 1985.

So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.迄今為止，她還沒有享受過暑假。

注意：表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞（如come, go, die, marry, buy等）的完成時(shí)不能與for, since等表示一段時(shí)間的詞連用。它們必須要以它們的形容詞形式表完成狀態(tài)。如：

He has been dead (away) for one month.

He has been away for two days.

考點(diǎn)三：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可用時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，代替將來完成時(shí)，表示將來某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。（考查重點(diǎn)）

I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.我完成作業(yè)后會(huì)來你家里。

8)過去完成時(shí)

表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，即過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”，句中有明顯的參照動(dòng)作或時(shí)間狀語，這種時(shí)態(tài)從來不孤立使用( before, after, by, up till)

There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.我們城市到2000年時(shí)已經(jīng)有25個(gè)公園。

試比較：There will have been 25 parks in our city up till 2008.

By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.到去年年底為止，他們已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)了5千輛自行車。

考點(diǎn)一：過去完成時(shí)常考的固定句型：

(1) hardly, scarcely, barely +過去完成時(shí)+ when +一般過去時(shí)（一…就…）。例如：

Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

(2) no sooner +過去完成時(shí)+ than +一般過去時(shí)（一…就…）。例如：

No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

考點(diǎn)二：動(dòng)詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時(shí)，表示過去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如：

I had hoped that I could do the job.

I had intended to see you but I was too busy.

9)將來完成時(shí)

將來完成時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)刻將完成或在另一個(gè)未來的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。

I shall have finished this composition before9 o’clocktonight.

When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

考點(diǎn)一：常與將來完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示將來時(shí)間的短語和句子；before (the end of ) +表示將來時(shí)間的詞語或句子；when, after等加上表示將來動(dòng)作的句子等。例如：

By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.

By this time tomorrow you will have arrived inShanghai.

By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

考點(diǎn)二：在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，將來完成時(shí)則由現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示。（考查重點(diǎn)）

The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.

10)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，有現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

（1）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在某一時(shí)刻。

I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.

（2）過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時(shí)刻。例如：

It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.（傾盆大雨已下了一個(gè)多星期，造成了許多地區(qū)塌方）

（3）將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在將來某一時(shí)刻之前開始的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)刻。例如：By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.

2.動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)

語態(tài)也是專業(yè)四級(jí)英語的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)。語態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。

(1) We use electricity to run machines.（主動(dòng)語態(tài)）

(2) Electricity is used to run machines.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

1)不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和短語

（1）在英語中，不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但有些不及物動(dòng)詞（包括短語）容易引起誤用。如：appear, belong to, die, escape, fall, happen, last, succeed, occur, take place, consist of。

Our success belongs to all the people present.我們的成功屬于在座的每一個(gè)人。

（2）某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動(dòng)詞，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

2)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)形式

時(shí)間一般時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在am askedam being asked

is askedis being asked

are askedare being asked

過去was be askedwas being asked

were be askedwere being asked

將來shall be askedshall have been asked

will be askedwill have been asked

過去將來should be askedshould have been asked

would be askedwould have been asked

3)短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

短語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，通常被看作是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開或省略。例如：1）So far no correct conclusion has been arrived at.目前還有得出正確的結(jié)論2）All the rubbish should be got rid of.所有的垃圾應(yīng)該把它們清除掉。

4)“get + -ed分詞”的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

“get + -ed分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，而非動(dòng)作本身，常用來表示突發(fā)性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：

The boy got hurt on his way home from work.這個(gè)男孩在下班回來的路上受傷了。

另外，“get + -ed分詞”還可用于談?wù)摓樽约鹤龅氖拢侵鲃?dòng)的行為而不是被動(dòng)的行為。例如：get dressed（穿衣服）get divorced（離婚）get engaged（訂婚）get confused（迷惑不解）get lost（迷路）get washed（洗臉）get married（結(jié)婚）

5)雙賓語動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)

（1）能帶兩個(gè)賓語的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，一次只能由一個(gè)賓語作主語，另一個(gè)賓語被保留下來。例如：

(1) We showed the visitors our new products.（主動(dòng)語態(tài)）我們向參觀者展示了我們的新產(chǎn)品。

(2) The visitors were shown our new products.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

(3) Our new products were shown to the visitors.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

6)被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別

（1）The novel was well written.（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）這本小說寫得好。

（2）The novel was written by Dickens.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）這本小說是Dickens寫得。

7)少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)有時(shí)有被動(dòng)的意思（專業(yè)四級(jí)英語重要考點(diǎn)）

例1：The book is selling remarkably well.這本書賣得很好

例2：The song sounds very beautiful.這首歌聽起來很優(yōu)美。

能這樣用的動(dòng)詞還有read（讀起來），clean（擦起來），wash（洗起來），write（寫起來）。

例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).

能像need這樣用的動(dòng)詞還有：want, require, deserve等。

例4：The meat is cooking.

例5：The shop doesn’t open（營業(yè)）on Sunday.試比較：The door was opened by Tom.

8)注意幾個(gè)基本句型．（專業(yè)四級(jí)英語重要考點(diǎn)）

It is said …（據(jù)說）.，It is reported …（據(jù)報(bào)道）, It is widely believed（人們廣泛認(rèn)為）; It is expected …（據(jù)期望，應(yīng)該）It is estimated…. (據(jù)估計(jì)),It was said…, It was believed …It was thought …(以前人們認(rèn)為．．．)。

It is said that Sydney is beautiful。據(jù)說悉尼很漂亮。

It is estimated that nearly 20 persons were killed in this accident.據(jù)估計(jì)有20人在此次事故中喪生。

（三）非謂語動(dòng)詞

所謂非謂語動(dòng)詞，是指不能作謂語的動(dòng)詞，也不受主語人稱和數(shù)的限制，但具有動(dòng)詞的某些特征。它不僅可以接賓語，而且還有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。此外它可以做主語、表語、賓語、賓補(bǔ)、定語、狀語和同位語。近年來的專業(yè)四級(jí)英語試題對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法特別青睞，頻頻對(duì)其進(jìn)行考查。

不定式

時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)

一般式 to do to be done

完成式 to have done to have been done

動(dòng)名詞

時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done

分詞

時(shí)態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)

一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done / done

否定形式：not +不定式， not +動(dòng)名詞， not +現(xiàn)在分詞

1.關(guān)于動(dòng)詞不定式的考點(diǎn)如下：

考點(diǎn)一：直接接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞。這一類動(dòng)詞往往表示請(qǐng)求、要求、選擇、決定、打算、企圖等。如：attempt企圖，afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起（重點(diǎn)詞），demand要求，long渴望，destine注定，mean意欲，打算，expect期望，appear似乎，顯得，determine決定，manage設(shè)法，pretend假裝，agree同意，desire愿望，swear宣誓，volunteer志愿，wish希望，endeavor努力，offer提供，beg請(qǐng)求，fail不能，plan計(jì)劃，prefer喜歡，寧愿，happen碰巧，prepare準(zhǔn)備，decide決定，learn學(xué)習(xí)，regret抱歉，遺憾，hesitate猶豫，claim要求，promise承諾，允許，undertake承擔(dān)，consent同意，贊同，intend想要，refuse拒絕，incline有…傾向，propose提議

I hope to visit this place again.我希望能再度訪問此地。

I hesitate to spend so much money on the clothes.我對(duì)要花那么多錢買衣服猶豫不決。

My parents have consented to buy me a new electronic dictionary.我父母同意給我買個(gè)新的電子詞典了。

*注意不定式的完成與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)及被動(dòng)用法：

He pretended to be waiting for someone.他假裝著正等人。

She was said to have been rich.據(jù)說她曾經(jīng)富有過。

The building was reported to have been constructed.據(jù)報(bào)道這座大樓已經(jīng)建造好了。

考點(diǎn)二：在以下情況下常使用不帶(或省略)to的動(dòng)詞不定式：

1)感官動(dòng)詞后面：feel, listen, hear , see, watch, observe

I saw a man enter the shop.

試比較：I saw him singing when I passed by.

2)個(gè)別表示使役意義的動(dòng)詞，如：have, let, make

The teacherhas/makes/letsus write a composition every week.

上述感覺動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如：

The boy was made to go to bed early.

3)一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：had better, would rather do A than do B（寧可…而不愿…）, may as well（最好），can not（help）but（不得不…）等句型，后接省to不定式。

Hecannot (help) butagree with his daughter.他不得不同意他女兒。

We might as well put up here for tonight.我們最好還是在這里過夜。

4)主語從句及介詞but, except, besides+to do(do)，如從句里或介詞前有動(dòng)詞do，后面應(yīng)接不帶to的不定式；如無do，則接to不定式，即帶do不帶to，帶to不帶do。如：

The enemy soldiers had no choice but to surrender.敵軍沒有選擇只好投降。

On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.

What I have to do is take a rest.

考點(diǎn)三：有些動(dòng)詞后一般跟帶“疑問詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”作賓語，如：consider, discuss, explain , know, show, teach, understand, wonder, ask, find out等。

I asked him whether to leave or to stay.我問他要離開還是呆在這。（此句中的whether不可用if替換）

Please tell me how to answer the question.

考點(diǎn)四：不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+不定式。例如：

I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個(gè)人干這活是不可能的。

(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如：

It was wise of him to do that．他那樣做是明智的。

2.關(guān)于動(dòng)名詞的考點(diǎn)如下：

考點(diǎn)一：直接接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞。

acknowledge承認(rèn)，cease停止，mention說到，admit承認(rèn)，tolerate忍受，dislike不喜歡，advocate提倡，complete完成，appreciate感激，confess坦白，endure忍受，avoid避免，enjoy喜愛，bear忍受，envy嫉妒，delay延遲，escape逃跑，can’t stand受不了，deny否認(rèn)，excuse借口，consider考慮，fancy幻想，favor偏愛，mind介意，miss錯(cuò)過，resent怨恨，finish完成，pardon原諒，resist抵抗，forgive原諒，permit允許，imagine設(shè)想，postpone延遲，risk冒險(xiǎn)，practise實(shí)踐，suggest建議，hate討厭，prevent阻止，quit放棄，recall回想

I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。

Forbid smoking.禁止吸煙。

He dislikes being interrupted in his speech.他不喜歡講話的時(shí)候被打岔。

We have to postpone sending our answer to the request.我們不得不暫緩寄出對(duì)申請(qǐng)書的答復(fù)。

The boy admitted stealing the book.這個(gè)男孩承認(rèn)偷了這本書。

考點(diǎn)二：在下列it作形式主語或形式賓語的句型中，用動(dòng)名詞作邏輯主語或邏輯賓語。

It is no use(no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名詞) + doing sth.

It is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容詞) + doing sth.;

There is no point ( use, sense, good等名詞) + doing sth.

It’s no use crying over spilt milk.后悔沒有用。

It is good playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。

It is a waste of time trying to explain．設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。

There is no point in my going out to date someone.現(xiàn)在讓我出去和別人拍拖沒有用。

There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶灑了，哭也無用。

考點(diǎn)三：在need, require, want, worth (形容詞)等詞后面接動(dòng)名詞形式表示被動(dòng)的意思，即用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如果接不定式，必須用不定式的被動(dòng)形式。

Your hair wants cutting. 你的頭發(fā)該理了。

This problem requires studying with great care．這個(gè)問題需要仔細(xì)研究。

The book is worth reading. 這本書值得一讀。

考點(diǎn)四：下列短語中to為介詞，后面只能接動(dòng)名詞或名詞。（注意：專業(yè)四級(jí)英語考試對(duì)to的考點(diǎn)主要是介詞，而非不定式原形）look forward to（渴望），take to（漸漸喜歡）, get down to（著手干）, be opposed to（反對(duì)），live up to, be devoted to（致力于）

Nurses are devoted to caring the sick.護(hù)士致力于病人的護(hù)理事業(yè)。

We are looking forward to seeing you again我盼著再見到你。

get down to one's work靜下心來工作

考點(diǎn)五：下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞，但表示的意義不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未發(fā)生；而動(dòng)名詞則表示事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生于這些動(dòng)詞之前。這些動(dòng)詞有：

1）forget to do忘記要去做某事（此事未做）

forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）

2）stop to do停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事

stop doing停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事

3）remember to do記住去做某事（未做）

remember doing記得做過某事(已做)

4) regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾

regret doing對(duì)做過的事遺憾、后悔

5）try to do努力、企圖做某事

try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法

6) mean to do打算，有意要…

mean doing意味著

7）go on to do繼而（去做另外一件事情）

go on doing繼續(xù)（原先沒有做完的事情）

8）propose to do打算（要做某事）

propose doing建議（做某事）

Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎?

You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要記著是明天動(dòng)身。

I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)

I regret to tell you that you failed the test.我很遺憾要告訴你，你這次測(cè)試沒有通過。 You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。

Let’s try doing the work some other way．讓我們?cè)囈辉囉昧硗庖环N辦法來做這工作。

I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我沒想要傷害你的感情。

Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit.跳槽意味著要損失利益。

3.關(guān)于分詞的考點(diǎn)如下：

考點(diǎn)一：分詞作定語

1)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，其邏輯主語是所修飾的名詞或代詞，表示一個(gè)主動(dòng)或與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主動(dòng)的定語從句。

2)過去分詞作定語，其邏輯主語也是所修飾的名詞或代詞，表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)或完成（發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞前）的動(dòng)作，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)的定語從句。

He rushed into the burning house．他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。（試比較：He rushed into the house which was burning.）

The child standing over there is my brother．站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。

The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房間是我們的教室。

Have you got your watch repaired?你拿到那塊修好的表了嗎?（試比較：Have you got your watch which had been repaired?）

Prices of daily goods bought through a computer can be lower than store prices.通過計(jì)算機(jī)采購的日常品價(jià)格比商店的價(jià)格要低。

考點(diǎn)二：分詞作狀語

分詞和分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式和伴隨情況。在表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步和方式時(shí)，通常可轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的狀語從句。

Having finished their homework, they went to the library. (=After they had finished their homework…)完成作業(yè)后，他們?nèi)チ藞D書館。(表時(shí)間)

Heated，ice will be changed into water. (=When ice is heated...)冰一旦加熱，它就會(huì)變成水。(表?xiàng)l件、時(shí)間)

Influenced by his ideas, she joined the revolution too. (=because she was influenced by his ideas, ...)由于受他思想的影響，她也參加了革命。(表原因)

Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.(=Although they know all this...)他們盡管了解這一切，還是要我賠償損失。(表讓步)

United, we stand; divided, we fall. (= if we are united, we stand. If we are divided,we fall)團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。（表?xiàng)l件）

注意：1)分詞作狀語與主語的關(guān)系。分詞作狀語時(shí)重點(diǎn)應(yīng)判斷出分詞的邏輯主語以及邏輯主語與分詞之間的邏輯關(guān)系，若二者之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,即邏輯主語是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者,則用過去分詞；若二者是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，即邏輯主語是分詞動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者，則用現(xiàn)在分詞。

She went out，shutting the door behind him.她出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。

Founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in theUnited States.建于1636年，哈佛大學(xué)是美國最著名的大學(xué)之一。

Admitting your mistake, you can be pardoned.只要你承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤，你就會(huì)被寬恕。

Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them在遇到困難的時(shí)候，我們必須設(shè)法克服。

2)When, while, once, if, unless, though等連詞可以直接引導(dǎo)分詞做狀語。（注：as沒有此用法）

Be careful when crossing the street.過街時(shí)要小心。

While walking along the street early in the morning, he saw her.一早在街上散步時(shí)，他看到了她。

If falling ill, I’ll see my doctor.如果生病我會(huì)去看醫(yī)生。

Though knowing the truth, he remained silent.雖然他知道實(shí)情，卻保持沉默。

Unless (being) rich, I am not going abroad.除非有錢，要不然我是不會(huì)出國的。

3)分詞作狀語時(shí)，要特別注意其邏輯主語須和謂語動(dòng)詞的主語一致，否則分詞必須有自己的主語。這種帶主語的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱作分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，或獨(dú)立主格。例如：

Time permitting, you can pay a visit to some places of interest in Hangzhou.如果時(shí)間允許的話,你們可以參觀一下杭州的一些名勝古跡。

Weather permitting, we’ll be holding a football match tomorrow.明天如果天氣允許的話，我們將舉行一場(chǎng)足球賽。

He sat there silently, his head bending.他坐在那里一言不發(fā)，低著頭。（獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）

The problem having been solved, the engineer returned to his own factory.問題一解決，工程師回到了工廠。（獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）

All the money having been wasted, we started looking for work.所有的錢都花光了，我們開始找活干。（獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）

有時(shí)也可用“with(或without)+名詞(或代詞賓格)+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示伴隨情況。

He fell asleep with the candle burning.他蠟燭未熄就睡著了。（表示伴隨）

With Tom gone, I can work better.湯姆走了，我能更好地工作。（表示條件）

(四)虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成及其用法

語氣是用來表示說話者的意圖和態(tài)度。盡管英語中有陳述語氣(indicative mood)、祈使語氣(imperative mood)、虛擬語氣(subjunctive mood)，但是專業(yè)四級(jí)英語考試中考的最多的是虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣在英語里主要用來表達(dá)：a.非真實(shí)的情景，不可能發(fā)生的事，即某種與事實(shí)相反或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的情況，或說話人主觀愿望。b.與客觀事實(shí)相反的情景，即強(qiáng)制性虛擬語氣，表示建議、命令、勸告，或表示強(qiáng)烈的要求做到、必須做到這樣的含義。

虛擬語氣的表達(dá)形式是通過動(dòng)詞的變化形式表達(dá)的，其特點(diǎn)是主從句時(shí)態(tài)的不一致，而且一般有明顯的標(biāo)志。具體考點(diǎn)如下：

考點(diǎn)一：if從句句型(共有三種句型)

1.與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反：

從句用一般過去時(shí)，主句的謂語用would (could, might, should)＋動(dòng)詞原形

If they were here, they would help you.如果他們?cè)谶@里，會(huì)幫助你的。

2.與過去的事實(shí)相反：

從句用過去完成時(shí)，主句的謂語用would (could, might, should)＋have +過去分詞

If she had left home yesterday she should have arrived here.如果她昨天就離開家，她早就該到這兒了。

3.與將來的事實(shí)相反：

從句用should (were to，did) +動(dòng)詞原形，主句的謂語用would (could, might)＋動(dòng)詞原形

If I were to (should) teach you, I would teach in English.如果讓我教你們，我就用英文授課。

4.在書面語中,以上含有were, had, should, could的從句可以把這些詞放在主語前面進(jìn)行倒裝，并把if省略。

Had he worked harder,（if he had worked harder,）he would have got through the exam.他如果工作努力的話，早就應(yīng)該通過這個(gè)考試了。

5.條件句發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和主句發(fā)生的動(dòng)作不一致時(shí)，也叫錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句。例如：條件句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在)謂語動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)各自表示的時(shí)間進(jìn)行調(diào)整。

If you had studied hard last term, you would not be preparing for the make-up exam.如果上學(xué)期你刻苦學(xué)習(xí)的話，就用不著現(xiàn)在準(zhǔn)備補(bǔ)考。

考點(diǎn)二：It is (high /about / good) time that…，表示“該是。。。的時(shí)候了”，含有“為時(shí)已晚”的意思，表示建議現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該做什么事，從句一般用一般過去時(shí)。

It is nearmidnight. It’s time we left.快半夜了，我們?cè)缭撾x開了。

It’s high time that we got up.我們?cè)缭撈鸫擦恕?/p>

考點(diǎn)三：在would rather…，would sooner（just as soon）…，had rather…，意為“寧可，但愿”。從句用虛擬語氣，若表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼氖虑?，謂語一般用過去時(shí)；若表示過去的動(dòng)作，用過去完成時(shí)。

I would rather that you did not do it.我寧愿你不去做此事。（表示事情還沒有發(fā)生。）.

I’d just as soon you had not done it.我寧愿你沒有做此事。（表示事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生。）

考點(diǎn)四：wish句型表達(dá)“但愿…，要是…多好”的語氣

wish后賓語從句用虛擬語氣，其謂語部分有時(shí)態(tài)變化：表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況虛擬時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)(如did)；對(duì)過去的情況進(jìn)行虛擬時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用“過去完成時(shí)(如had done)或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(如could have done)”形式；表示將來情況的虛擬時(shí)，用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)形式+動(dòng)詞原形(如might do)?！?/p>

I wish I were a bird.

I wish she had not left last night.要是她昨晚沒有離開該多好呀。

I wish he would forgive me.我希望他能原諒我（實(shí)際上他不會(huì)原諒我）

同例：在as if /as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中和以if only引起的感嘆句中，謂語動(dòng)詞與wish引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中的虛擬形式相同。例：

He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time.

He talks as if he were the boss.他說起話來就像他是老板。

If only I were free now！(注意：if only…后面主句被省略，意為：要是…那該多好呀！)

If only he had not married!要是他沒有結(jié)婚，那就好了！

考點(diǎn)五：在強(qiáng)制性語氣的賓語從句中，即表示建議、勸告、命令等主觀色彩的動(dòng)詞+ that + (should) +動(dòng)詞原形，其中should經(jīng)常被省略。這類動(dòng)詞包括：insist, suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire（希望）, require, advise, prefer, maintain(堅(jiān)持)，decide，ask

I suggest that you (should) not be late again next time.我建議你下次別再遲到了。

He proposed that we (should) talk heart to heart.他提議我們交心談一談。

It is requested that I (should) make a speech at the meeting.有人請(qǐng)求我在會(huì)上發(fā)言。

注意一：以上動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞(如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference ,等)后接同位語從句或表語從句時(shí)，從句要求用虛擬語氣，其謂語部分用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形” (should可省略)。

We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.我們都贊成你推遲討論的建議。

My suggestion is that we (should) invite her.我的建議是我們邀請(qǐng)她。

注意二：以上這類動(dòng)詞中有時(shí)候有的動(dòng)詞的賓語從句不用虛擬語氣，必須根據(jù)句子的意思來判斷。

What he said suggested (表明) that he did not agree with us.

考點(diǎn)六：It is/was +形容詞+ that + (should) +動(dòng)詞原形，這些形容詞主要表示必要性、重要性、強(qiáng)制性、合適性、義務(wù)性。如：important, vital, natural, desirable, possible, advisable(明智的), anxious, appropriate, compulsory(義務(wù)的), crucial (至關(guān)緊要的),essential(根本的),imperative (強(qiáng)制的), improper, necessary, obligatory (必須的), preferable, urgent.

It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.關(guān)鍵是申請(qǐng)表要在最終期限之前交過來。

It is necessary that we all（should）do our best to protect environment around us.我們都必須盡我們最大努力來保護(hù)我們周圍的環(huán)境。

It is incredible that she should have finished this job.真令人難以置信，她居然一個(gè)人做完了這項(xiàng)工作。（should have done形式時(shí)，should不能省略）

考點(diǎn)七：在lest that …，for fear that…，in case that …引導(dǎo)的表示消極意義的目的狀語從句中常用虛擬語氣，表示“唯恐，以免”，從句用should +動(dòng)詞原形，should不能省略。

He took a raincoat with him lest it should rain.他怕下雨便帶了一件雨衣。.

He wrapped himself up for fear that he should catch cold.他穿得很暖和，以防感冒。

考點(diǎn)八：含蓄虛擬條件句

含蓄虛擬條件句是指沒有出現(xiàn)由if引導(dǎo)的條件句，條件句的意思是用其他方式表達(dá)的。如：without, but for, otherwise, or, given等等。

Without your help, I couldn’t have completed the task on time.要不是你的幫助，我不可能按時(shí)完成任務(wù)。（對(duì)過去虛擬）

But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night.如果沒有英語考試，昨晚我就去參加音樂會(huì)。（對(duì)過去虛擬）

But for the sun, there could be no life on the earth. =If it were not for the sun, …若沒有太陽，地球上就沒有生命。（對(duì)現(xiàn)在虛擬）

Given more time, I would have finished the test. = if I had been given more time, …若再給我一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，我就能做完試題了。

（五）各類從句的構(gòu)成及其用法

所謂從句是指從屬于主句的句子，由從屬連詞連接。由主句和從句構(gòu)成的復(fù)合句，是英語中比較復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。從句的種類有很多，但根據(jù)其性質(zhì)和作用可以分為：名詞性從句，形容詞性從句（即定語從句），副詞性從句（即狀語從句）三大類。從句構(gòu)成與用法的考查要點(diǎn)很多，歷來是專業(yè)四級(jí)英語考試試題的熱點(diǎn)與焦點(diǎn)，專業(yè)四級(jí)英語考試幾乎每年都涉及到對(duì)名詞性從句、定語從句以及狀語從句的考查，常將并列連接詞、從屬連詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞放在同一題干中進(jìn)行考查，故意設(shè)置干擾項(xiàng)，增加試題難度，以考查考生分析交際語境、理解句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系的能力。

1．名詞性從句：即從句在整個(gè)句中起名詞作用，分別可以作主語、賓語、表語、同位語等，所以這類從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。名詞性從句側(cè)重考查考生在一定的語言環(huán)境下對(duì)英語從句的語序、從句連接詞的運(yùn)用以及主從句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)等知識(shí)點(diǎn)的掌握；

考點(diǎn)一：主語從句：主要考查主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞；主句的謂語動(dòng)詞，一般用單數(shù)。

1）It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun.眾所周知，地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。（說明：由連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，在大多數(shù)情況下用代詞it作形式主語。）

2）Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.我們明天是否在戶外開晚會(huì)要視天氣而定。（此時(shí)不能用if引導(dǎo)主語從句，只能用whether。）

3）When the sports meet will be held is not decided.何時(shí)舉行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)還沒有決定。

4）Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference.

你決定買哪一輛車都不會(huì)有任何區(qū)別。

考點(diǎn)二：賓語從句：主要考查賓語從句if與whether的用法區(qū)別：

1）whether和if常與or not連用，whether和or not既可合起來使用，也可分開使用；if和or not只能分開使用。如：

He asked whether(if)they would come or not.他問他們是否該來。

I don't know whether or not they will come.我不知道他們來不來。

2）whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句一般是肯定句，if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可以是肯定也可以否定的。如:

She asked whether/if you had enough money.她問你是否有足夠的錢。

I don't care if it doesn't rain.我不在乎是否下雨。（只能用if)

考點(diǎn)三：表語從句：be動(dòng)詞或者系動(dòng)詞后面跟主語補(bǔ)足語。

1）The question is whether the book is worth reading at all.（問題是這本書是否值得一讀。）

2）That is why we don't like it.

考點(diǎn)四：同位語從句（專業(yè)四級(jí)英語考查的重點(diǎn)）

同位語從句的特點(diǎn)是由一個(gè)抽象名詞+that從句構(gòu)成，引導(dǎo)詞一般是that,而且that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分。這些抽象名詞有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位語從句是對(duì)抽象名詞進(jìn)行說明解釋。如：

1）We heard the news that he had won the game.我們聽到消息他贏得了比賽。試比較：

2）We heard the news that he had told her.我們聽到他對(duì)她說的消息。（賓語從句）

例2中的that從句的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，其作用是修飾the news；例1中的that從句的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，是對(duì)the news的進(jìn)一步說明。

有時(shí)如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞較短，為保持句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕，同位語從句也常與要說明的名詞分開。例如：Word came that he died yesterday.消息傳來說他昨天死了。

說明：當(dāng)名詞doubt用在否定句中時(shí)，其后的同位語從句應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)；而用在肯定句或疑問句中時(shí)則可以用其他詞來引導(dǎo)。例如：

I never have the doubt that you can look after yourself.我從沒有懷疑過你可以照看好自己。

Some people have the doubt how such a little boy can lift so heavy a box.這么一個(gè)小男孩怎么能舉起這么重的盒子，對(duì)此人們表示懷疑

2．形容詞性從句（即定語從句）（復(fù)合句考查的重點(diǎn)）

定語從句主要用來修飾它前面的先行詞（名詞或代詞）的從句，所以又稱形容詞從句。根據(jù)與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。定語從句主要考查引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞；介詞＋引導(dǎo)詞以及非限制性定語從句。對(duì)于定語從句，在歷年專業(yè)四級(jí)英語試題中，相對(duì)集中地考查了非限制性定語從句、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用、定語從句中的一致關(guān)系以及"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"等知識(shí)點(diǎn)。

考點(diǎn)一：引導(dǎo)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞（who, whom, which, that, whose）和關(guān)系副詞(as, when, where, why)等。但是當(dāng)下列情況出現(xiàn)時(shí)，對(duì)引導(dǎo)詞有特殊要求。

1）當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, nothing, something, little, much時(shí)；當(dāng)先行詞被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very修飾時(shí)；當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，或者先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞用that。例如:

Everything (that) he said seemed quite reasonable.他所說的每件事似乎都很有道理。

You can take any toy that you like.你可以拿走任一件你喜歡的玩具。

The first thing (that) I saw will never be forgotten.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我見到的第一件事情。

This is the last thing (that) I want to do.這是我最不想做的事情。

They are talking about the things and persons (that) they can remember in that country.他們正在談?wù)撍麄兯軌蛴浧鸬哪莻€(gè)國家的人和事。

2）why引導(dǎo)表示原因的定語從句，其先行詞一般是reason。當(dāng)主句主語是reason時(shí)，作主句表語的成分不能有because和because of。其結(jié)構(gòu)一般為the reason why…is that…，或者the reason that … is that…，如：

He did not tell us the reason why he was late again.他沒有告訴我們他為什么又遲到了。

The reason why（that）he didn't come is that he was ill.

考點(diǎn)二：考查“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法。當(dāng)先行詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時(shí)，往往可以把介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前，構(gòu)成"介詞+關(guān)系代詞(whom / which)"結(jié)構(gòu)。但一些短語動(dòng)詞(如look after等)中的介詞不能與動(dòng)詞分開，故不能放在關(guān)系代詞之前。

American women usually look upon their best friend as someone with whom they can talk frequently.美國婦女通常把她們最要好的朋友看成是可以經(jīng)常傾訴的對(duì)象。

（關(guān)系代詞whom在定語從句中作介詞with的賓語，talk with sb.意為"與某人談話"。）

另外，我們還要注意"部分+ of介詞+關(guān)系代詞（整體名詞）"結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)，做關(guān)系詞也就是"部分名詞+ of which/whom"的結(jié)構(gòu)，往往可以翻譯成“其中”。(學(xué)位考查重點(diǎn))

He invited many scientists to his birthday party,two of whomwere his old classmates.他邀請(qǐng)了許多科學(xué)家出席他的生日宴會(huì)，其中有兩位是他的老同學(xué)。

考點(diǎn)三：當(dāng)先行詞為表示時(shí)間的名詞（如：time, day, year, week, month, occasion）或地點(diǎn)的名詞（如：place, room, city, country）時(shí)，一般用關(guān)系副詞when和where.分別相當(dāng)于in which, at which, on which。但是當(dāng)這些表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的名詞作從句的賓語時(shí)，則要用關(guān)系代詞that或which。

I can't forget the days when (in which) I studied with you.

Can you tell me the day when（on which）you met her for the first time?

China is the only country where (in which) wild pandas（熊貓）can be found.

I’ll never forget the village where (in which) I spent my childhood（童年）.

試比較：

I will never forget the days that/which I spent inBeijingUniversity. (本句days作spend的賓語，故用關(guān)系代詞that / which )

I have never been toBeijing, but it’s the place that I most want to visit.(place作visit的賓語。)

考點(diǎn)四：非限定性定語從句不能用that引導(dǎo),一般用引導(dǎo)詞which / as或who（指人），非限定性定語從句既可以修飾主句的部分內(nèi)容，也可修飾主句的全部內(nèi)容。as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之中或之后，但which或who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句不能放在主句句首。（考查重點(diǎn)）

The large area is covered with thick snow, which has been reported on TV.大片區(qū)域?yàn)榉e雪所覆蓋，這已在電視里報(bào)道了。

His speech, which was very boring, was over at last.他的講演，非?？菰铮K于結(jié)束了。

Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.

As we all know, the moon（, as is known to us.）is a satellite of the earth.（as is known to us.）

3．副詞性從句（狀語從句）

引導(dǎo)狀語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞是一些從屬連詞。狀語從句同狀語一樣，在句中的位置比較靈活，可置于句首、句末或句中，狀語從句位于句首時(shí)，常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。若從句較短同時(shí)又與主句的關(guān)系十分緊密時(shí)，也可以不用逗號(hào)分開。狀語從句根據(jù)其用途可以分為時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、比較狀語從句、目的狀語從句、條件狀語從句、讓步狀語從句和方式狀語從句九種。狀語從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語從句的常用連接詞和特殊連接詞。現(xiàn)分別列舉如下：

1）時(shí)間狀語從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the minute, the moment, every time, immediately, no sooner … than…, hardly/ scarcely…when

A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners' curiosity until her reaches the end of the story．一個(gè)善于講故事的人必須能夠自始至終抓住聽眾的好奇心。

He made a mistake，but then he corrected the situation before it got worse．他犯了錯(cuò)誤，但沒等局勢(shì)惡化，他就扭轉(zhuǎn)了局勢(shì)。

I gave her the money you owed her the moment I saw her．我一見到她就把你欠她的錢給她。

No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.我一到家就開始下雨了。

2）地點(diǎn)狀語從句

常用來引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有where，wherever等。

The famous scientist grew up where he was born and in 1940 he came to Shanghai．那位著名的科學(xué)家在出生地長大，于1940年來到上海。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都會(huì)想到你。

3）原因狀語從句

常用來引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有because，as，since等。

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeing that, now that, considering that

The Italian boy was regarded as a hero because he gave his life for his country．那位意大利男孩被看作是英雄，因?yàn)樗麨樽鎳I(xiàn)出了生命。

Now that you've got a chance，you might as well make full use of it．既然你有機(jī)會(huì)，你最好充分利用它。

4）目的狀語從句

常用來引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有that，so that，in order that，in case, lest等。從句的謂語常由"can／could，may／might＋動(dòng)詞原形"構(gòu)成。

Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report so that her boss could read it first the next morning．Sally為完成報(bào)告一直工作到深夜，以便她老板第二天早上能第一個(gè)閱讀它。

I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake.我告訴你這一點(diǎn)，以免你搞錯(cuò)。

5）結(jié)果狀語從句

引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有：that，so that（從句中不帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞），so…that（如此……以致……），such…that…（如此……以致……）。

We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.我們走的時(shí)候如此匆忙，以致于我們忘記鎖門了。（such是形容詞，后接名詞短語）

The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.這個(gè)村子太小，所以地圖上沒有。（so是副詞，后接形容詞或副詞短語）

6）條件狀語從句

常用來引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有if，unless（除非），when（如果），suppose，supposing，given that（假定，給出），on condition that，as／so long as等。

You will succeed in the endunlessyou give up halfway．如果你不半途放棄，你最終會(huì)成功。

“So long as we don't understand it too well, every other language is poetry”(Anatole Broyard)“只要我們對(duì)別的語音還不太了解，它們就都是詩”(阿納托爾·布魯瓦亞爾)

7）讓步狀語從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as（用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝），while (一般用在句首)，no matter …, in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

Muchas/thoughI respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.盡管我很尊敬他，我卻不同意他的建議。

We'll have to finish the job，no matterhowlong it takes.不管用多長時(shí)間，我們都要把工作做完。

8）比較狀語從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：as（同級(jí)比較）, than（不同程度的比較）

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more … the more … ; A is to B what / as X is to Y

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.你越加鍛煉，就會(huì)越加健康。

Air is to us as water is to fish.我們與空氣的關(guān)系就像魚和水的關(guān)系。

9）方式狀語從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：as, as if/though

When inRome, do as the Roman do.入鄉(xiāng)隨俗

They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.他們完全忽略了這些事實(shí)，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）

I have made the change as you suggested.我已經(jīng)按你的建議進(jìn)行了改變。

（六）形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成與用法

英語中比較結(jié)構(gòu)用于形容詞和副詞，因?yàn)橹挥行稳菰~和副詞具有原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。專業(yè)四級(jí)英語考試中主要測(cè)試比較結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊用法。

原級(jí)比較一般用as … as ; not as/so … as ; the same … as

The work is not as/so difficult as you think.工作并不像你認(rèn)為的那樣難。

This book is twice as thick as that one.這本書是那本書的兩倍厚。

考點(diǎn)一：以拉丁文-ior結(jié)尾的形容詞本身含有比較意義，后接to而不是than，這些詞有：superior, inferior , senior , junior , prior

He is three years senior to me.他比我年長3歲。

This type of computer is superior to that type.這型號(hào)計(jì)算機(jī)比那型號(hào)要先進(jìn)。

考點(diǎn)二：最高級(jí)用于三者以上的事物之間的比較。比較的范圍表示地方用介詞in;表示所屬關(guān)系和人物比較用介詞of。(即the +最高級(jí)＋in /of …)

The Yangtze River is the longest river inChina, but it is the third longest river in the world.

Of all the metals, silver is the best conductor在所有的金屬中，銀是最好的導(dǎo)電體。.

考點(diǎn)三：英語中有一小部分表示絕對(duì)意義的形容詞沒有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。如：deaf, empty, perfect, complete, right, wrong , round, square, dead

考點(diǎn)四：幾組固定搭配短語用法

more than意為：“不僅僅是，非常，十分”等；more …than意為：“與其說…不如說，不是…而是”；no more than強(qiáng)調(diào)少，意為“只有，不過，僅僅”。

What we are doing today is more than donating some money.今天我們所做的不只是捐一些錢。

He is more brave than wise.他有勇無謀。

The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar.這本書看起來與其說是一本語法書，不如說是一本詞典。

He has no more than five dollars on him.他身上僅有5美元。(強(qiáng)調(diào)少)注意與not…more than區(qū)別。

（七）強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的結(jié)構(gòu)與用法

強(qiáng)調(diào)句型是大學(xué)英語重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)知識(shí)，也是歷年專業(yè)四級(jí)英語重要考查知識(shí)點(diǎn)。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“It be … that/who”在英語中，該句型除了不能用來強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語外，其他成份均可被強(qiáng)調(diào)。

It was clearly the headmaster himself that opened the door.開門的顯然正是校長本人。(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語)

It was this classroom that Tom cleaned yesterday with Jean. Tom與Jean昨天打掃的是這教室。(強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語)

It was because of bad weather that the football match had to be put off.正是由于天氣不好足球賽才不得不推遲舉行。（強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語）

It was with Jean that Tom cleaned the classroom. Tom是與Jean在一起打掃教室的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語補(bǔ)足語)

考點(diǎn)一：be前可使用表示推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

It must have been this obvious aimlessness that led to my downfall.正是這種明顯的毫無目的的游逛使我倒了霉。

考點(diǎn)二：考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的疑問句式（重要考點(diǎn)）

一般疑問句式:Is/Was it+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?

特殊疑問句式：特殊疑問詞+is/was it +that/who+句子的其余部分?(特殊疑問詞為被強(qiáng)調(diào)成份)

Was it because of his illness that he didn’t go to see the film?他是因?yàn)樯×瞬艣]去看電影嗎？

Where was it that you found your lost pen?你到底在哪里找到了你丟失的鋼筆。

When was it that he got up yesterday？他昨天到底是什么時(shí)候起床的？

Do you know where it was that the old scientist was hit by a car?你知道這位老科學(xué)家是在哪里被車碰倒的嗎？（原句：a. The old scientist was hit by a car at the gate.強(qiáng)調(diào)：b. It was at the gate that the old scientist was hit.疑問：c. Where was it that the old scientist was hit by a car？插入：d. Do you happen to know where it was that the old scientist was hit by a car?）

考點(diǎn)三：強(qiáng)調(diào)人可以用who，但強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因狀語時(shí)，通常只使用that，而不能使用when, where, why。

It was only when I reread his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty.直到我最近重新讀到他寫的詩我才開始領(lǐng)略到詩中之美。

考點(diǎn)四：強(qiáng)調(diào)否定結(jié)構(gòu)

It is not until he came back that I left for Qingdao.我是直到他回來才去的青島

試比較：1. I didn’t leave forQingdaountil he came back.

2. Not until he came back did I leave for Qingdao.（倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)）

考點(diǎn)五：強(qiáng)調(diào)主語人稱代詞時(shí)，應(yīng)注意其形式仍用主格形式，且謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與之保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致

【誤】It is me who/ that is going to be sent there to help them.

【正】It is I who/ that am going to be sent there to help them.

（八）常用倒裝句的結(jié)構(gòu)及其用法

倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)也是專業(yè)四級(jí)英語考試中的常考語法現(xiàn)象。英語句子最基本的結(jié)構(gòu)是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，倒裝就是將這種比較固定的詞序加以顛倒。英語的倒裝有兩種形式，一種是將句子的主語和謂語完全顛倒過來，稱為完全倒裝，這種倒裝句式與一般疑問句句式一致，如：

Then began an eight-year war betweenIranandIraq.(于是伊朗和伊拉克兩國之間開始了長達(dá)八年的戰(zhàn)爭)；

另一種是只將助動(dòng)詞移到主語之前，稱為部分倒裝，如:

Seldom can he finish his task in a short time. (他很難能在短時(shí)間完成任務(wù))

引起倒裝的情況很多，在專業(yè)四級(jí)英語考試中，常見的主要有以下幾種。

考點(diǎn)一：句子謂語是go，come，run等表示位置動(dòng)詞和be動(dòng)詞，且句中又有表示方位或時(shí)間的副詞(如there，here，up，down，out，in，now，then等)時(shí)，句子要全部倒裝。如:

Here comes the train toBeijing.去北京的火車來了。

Then came a new difficulty.然后出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)新的困難。

考點(diǎn)二：當(dāng)含有否定意義的詞(never，seldom，not，little，hardly等）或由它們組成的短語放在句首時(shí)，要用部分倒裝。

Seldom in my life have I met so determined a person.一生中我很少見到如此果斷的人。

Not until the game had begun did he arrive at the sports ground.直到比賽開始了他才趕到運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)。（注意只有主句倒裝）

No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.我剛出去，他就看我來了。

Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more fluently too.他講得不僅更準(zhǔn)確，而且也更流利。

By no means will I allow him to go swimming alone.我決不允許他一個(gè)人去游泳。

Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.在任何情況下我也不能同意這一原則。

考點(diǎn)三：“only +狀語”放在句首時(shí)，句子需要部分倒裝。

Only under special circumstances are freshmen permitted to take make-up tests.新生只有在特殊情況下才允許補(bǔ)考。

Only by working hard can we get good results in our study.只有努力我們的學(xué)習(xí)才能取得好成績。

考點(diǎn)四：虛擬語氣中，省去if后，從句需要部分倒裝。（學(xué)位考查重點(diǎn)）

Had it not been for my illness, I would have lent him a helping hand.要不是我病了，我肯定會(huì)給他提供援助之手。（If it had not been for my illness…）

Were she here, she would support the motion.如果她在，她會(huì)支持這項(xiàng)動(dòng)議。(If she were here…)

考點(diǎn)五：.以so開頭表示肯定重復(fù)和以neither/nor開頭表示否定重復(fù)的句子中要部分倒裝。

I'd like another drink, and so would John.我想再喝一杯，約翰也想再來一杯。

I haven't read this book, and neither has my brother.我沒讀過這本書，我弟弟也沒讀過。

考點(diǎn)六：So/such… that從句以及“to such an extent, to such a degree.”放在句首表示程度，句子要部分倒裝。

So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.他聲音大得連隔壁屋里的人都聽得見。

To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.他的健康狀況惡化到如此程度，所以他不得不退休。

考點(diǎn)七：由as或though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句有時(shí)也用倒裝句，即把表語或部分謂語提前。

Much as/though he likes her, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.雖然他喜歡她，但他有時(shí)候也覺得她很討厭。（注：關(guān)聯(lián)詞although無此用法）

Fast as you read, you can not finish reading the book in two weeks.不管你讀得多快，兩天之內(nèi)你還是讀不完這本書。

二、語法知識(shí)專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練及題解

(一)專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

1. Jack is saidabroad now, but I don’t know which country he is studying in.

A. having studied B. to be studying C. having been studied D. to study

2. It is many years since womento vote in theUnited States.

A. was allowing B. allowed C. were allowed D. had been allowed

3. We have been waiting for you for about two hours. Youus in advance you would be late.

A. should tellB. should have toldC. must have toldD. may tell

4. This is the doctorI depend a lot whenever I have health problems.

A. with whomB. in whomC. on whoD. on whom

5. Without electricity, our lifequite different today.

A. will beB. wasC. had beenD. would be

6. The professor, together with several students,working in the laboratory at this time last week.

A. wasB. wereC. isD. are

7. We were surprised atthe important meeting.

A. him not to attendB. his attending notC. him not attendD. his not attending

8. Whether we will go toLondonfor a holiday or notthe weather.

A. depends onB. depend onC. depended onD. is depending on

9. It was Einsteinpublished his well-known theory of relativity in 1916.

A. whichB. whoC. whatD. when

10. I don’t believe that her son has the ability to go to university to study,?

A. does heB. do youC. doesn’t sheD. doesn’t he

11.Having broken the window, the little boy dared not go to school because he was afraid of.

12. Once youto work with him, you will find that he is not easy to get along with.

A. must beginB. will beginC. beganD. begin

13.The reason ________ I did not go to the theater last Friday was that I could not afford the time.

A. whyB. for thatC. whichD. where

14. I cannot stand him. He always talks as though he ________everything in the world.

A. has known B. had knownC. knewD. knows

15. I don’t know why they quarrel with each other, ____ do I care.

A. asB. eitherC. norD. but

16. You never told me why you didn’t come to my birthday party,?

A. don’t youB. did youC. didn’t youD. had you

17.He entered the room quietly ________ wake up his family.

A. not so thatB. so that not toC. so as not toD. not so as to

18. __________, he began to live all by himself.

A. Young as was he B. Young was as heC. As was he young D. Young as he was

19. JanefromCambridgeUniversityby the end of last year.

A. had graduatedB. have graduatedC. graduated D. was graduated

20.It was so noisy in the class that the professor couldn't make himself .

A. heardB. hearingC. to hearD. being heard

21. The shop assistant ____ I thought would be praised was fired by her boss.

A. whoB. whomC. about whomD. which

22. It is necessary that youfor a leave before leaving forShanghai.

A. askB. askedC. have askedD. will ask

23. Seldomvisited by ships.

A. is the islandB. did the islandC. the island isD. have been the island

24. After supper, many people stroll along the lake side,.

A. chatting and laughingB. to chat and to laugh C. to chat and laughD. chatted and laughed

25. Since the ground is wet this morning, it ________ last night.

A. must have rained B. rainedC. may be raining D. was raining

26.is reported, the prime minister paid a visit to their university.

A. BecauseB. ThatC. WhichD. As

27. If hetoday, he would arrive there by Sunday.

A. would leaveB. leaves C. leftD. were to leave

28. Do you have any articlesthe harmful effects of owning a private car.

A. concernedB. to concernC. concerningD. having concerned

29. It was the manager’s carelessnesscaused the big fire in the bookstore.

A. who B. which C. what D. that

30.made Helen jealous was that her parents were much kinder to her brothers.

A. WhatB. WhichC. ItD. That

31.Not until yesterday evening ________ my decision known to them all.

A. I didn’t makeB. did I makeC. I madeD. didn’t I make

32. I will not lend my computer to youyou promise to take good care of it.

A. unlessB. ifC. becauseD. as

33.—The light in the classroom is still on.

—Oh, I forgot.

A. turn it offB. to turn it offC. turned it offD. turning it off

34. Do remember to pay a visit to your grandma,?

A. don’t youB. didn’t youC. aren’t youD. will you

35. I recommend that the studentstheir homework as soon as possible.

A. hand inB. must hand inC. were handing inD. handed in

36.more time, we could do it better.

A. GivingB. GivenC. To giveD. Having given

37. He would still hold on to his opinion,all the world were against him.

A. butB. althoughC. howeverD. and

38. In my opinion, it is time that youyour future.

A. considerB. will considerC. consideredD. to consider

39. He apologized formy vase.

A. brokenB. breakingC. having been brokenD. having broken

40. She worked very hard when she was young,contributes to her success in her career.

A. thatwhenC. itD. which

(二)語法專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練答案題解

1.答案：【B】。據(jù)說杰克在國外學(xué)習(xí)，不過我不知道他在哪個(gè)國家。本句考查的是動(dòng)詞不定式的進(jìn)行式。首先，be said/ be reported后應(yīng)該使用動(dòng)詞不定式。不定式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，所以使用不定式的進(jìn)行式，選B。

2.答案：【C】。自從在美國婦女被允許選舉以來已經(jīng)很多年了。在It is +一段時(shí)間+ since后引導(dǎo)的從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)，且allow與women間構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故選C。

3.答案：【B】。我們等你近兩個(gè)小時(shí)了，你本該事先告訴我們你會(huì)遲到?！皊hould（ought to）+ have +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表示本該做某事卻沒做。含責(zé)備、批評(píng)或懊悔的意味。

4.答案：【D】。這就是那個(gè)醫(yī)生，我一出現(xiàn)健康問題就去找他。本句考查的是定語從句。首先depend on sb./ sth.（依賴某人或某物）是固定詞組。可將從句理解為：whom I depend on a lot。關(guān)系代詞whom/ which在定語從句作介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞可置于關(guān)系代詞之前，故本題選D。

5.答案：【D】。如果沒有電，我們今天的生活將大有不同。本句考查的是虛擬語氣。without/ but for可表示虛擬條件，相當(dāng)于if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，句中的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用虛擬語氣。本句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，謂語動(dòng)詞用“should/ would/ could/ might +動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)。本句可改寫為：If there weren’t electricity, our life would be quite different today.

6.答案：【A】。上星期這個(gè)時(shí)候，教授和幾個(gè)學(xué)生在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里工作。本句考查的是主謂一致。主語是單數(shù)而后面跟有as well as/ with/ together with/ like/ but/ except等短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。本句時(shí)間狀語last week表示過去，故選A。

7.答案：【D】。他沒有參加這個(gè)重要的會(huì)議，我們感到很奇怪。介詞后使用動(dòng)名詞，動(dòng)名詞的否定形式是在動(dòng)名詞前加not。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)，常用代詞的所有格；當(dāng)邏輯主語是名詞時(shí)，常用名詞的普通格，即，原形。

8.答案：【A】。我們能否去倫敦度假取決于天氣狀況。本句考查的是主謂一致。本句的主語是whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句。當(dāng)主語是whether/ what/ that等連接詞引導(dǎo)的從句時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，故選A。

9.答案：【B】。愛因斯坦在1916年發(fā)表了著名的相對(duì)論。本句考查的是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。強(qiáng)調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)是“It is（was）…that/ who…”，被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分放在is（was）后面。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分可以是主語、賓語、狀語等?！癐t is（was）…who…”只用于強(qiáng)調(diào)主語是人的情況。需注意的是在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，去掉It is（was）和that/ who后，句子仍然完整。因?yàn)楸揪鋸?qiáng)調(diào)的是Einstein，故用who。

10.答案：【A】。我認(rèn)為她的兒子沒有能力進(jìn)入大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)，是嗎？本句考查的是反意疑問句。suppose/ believe/ think/ expect/ imagine等屬于否定轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，表示假定、相信、猜想等意義。這些詞帶賓語從句時(shí)的反意疑問句應(yīng)注意：當(dāng)主語是第一人稱，反意疑問句的疑問部分的主語、謂語和從句主語、謂語一致。例如：I suppose he will come to the party, won’t he?又如：I don’t think he can finish his homework, can he?（此句還要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移，反意疑問句要用肯定形式）；當(dāng)主語不是第一人稱，反意疑問句的疑問部分則與主句的主語、謂語保持一致。例如：She doesn’t think they can win the game, does she?

11.答案：【D】。小男孩把玻璃打碎了，怕受到懲罰不敢去學(xué)校。of是介詞，其后應(yīng)該接動(dòng)名詞。punish與其邏輯主語the little boy構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故使用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式。又動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作在謂語表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，故不用完成式。所以選D。

12.答案：【D】。你一旦開始和他工作，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他不容易相處。once可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。在時(shí)間狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)?？梢龑?dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的詞或詞組有：once/ when/ the moment/ after/ before/ as long as/ as soon as等。

13.答案：【A】。上星期五我沒去劇院是因?yàn)闆]時(shí)間。本句考查的是定語從句。當(dāng)先行詞是the reason時(shí)，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞用why。

14.答案：【C】。我受不了他了，他講話時(shí)的樣子就好像世上任何事情他都知道。本句考查的是虛擬語氣。as if/ as though引導(dǎo)的從句，如果表示與事實(shí)或可能出現(xiàn)的事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。故選C。

15.答案：【C】。我不知道他們?yōu)槭裁闯臣?，也不在乎。英語中，為了避免句子中部分內(nèi)容重復(fù)，常使用倒裝句。句式結(jié)構(gòu)為：so/ neither/ nor + be動(dòng)詞（助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）+主語，其中，so表示肯定，而neither/ nor表示否定。本句表示否定，故選C。

16.答案：【B】。你從沒告訴我為什么沒來參加我的生日聚會(huì)，是嗎？本句考查的是反意疑問句的用法。如果陳述部分含有否定或半否定的詞，如：not/ no/ never/ little/ few/ barely/ hardly/ scarcely/ seldom等，疑問部分用肯定式。故選擇B。

17.答案：【C】。他輕輕地走進(jìn)房間，以免吵醒家人。so that引導(dǎo)目的或結(jié)果狀語從句，后接完整的句子，故排除選項(xiàng)A、B。so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句可用so as (not) to…或in order (not) to…結(jié)構(gòu)替代。

18.答案：【D】。雖然年紀(jì)小，他已開始獨(dú)立生活了。本句考查的是讓步狀語從句。由as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句使用倒裝語序，從句的表語、狀語或動(dòng)詞提前，其他句子成分位置不變。本題是將表語young提前，選D。

19.答案：【A】。簡去年年底從劍橋大學(xué)畢業(yè)了。本句考查的是時(shí)態(tài)。當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語是by (the time/ the end of ) +表示過去時(shí)間的短語或句子時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。

20.答案：【A】。教師里太吵了，教授不能讓人聽見自己的聲音。過去分詞可以在find/ see/ hear/ watch/ keep/ have/ make等動(dòng)詞后與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。

21.答案：【A】。我以為那個(gè)店員會(huì)受到表揚(yáng)，結(jié)果卻被老板開除了。本句要注意的是I thought是插入語，在句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分。先行詞是人，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做主語，故引導(dǎo)詞只能用who。

22.答案：【A】。去上海之前你有必要請(qǐng)個(gè)假。在句型：It is important/ necessary/ essential/ strange/ natural that …中，that引導(dǎo)的從句中的謂語用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)。

23.答案：【A】。這個(gè)島很少有船?？俊１揪淇疾榈氖堑寡b句的用法。否定或半否定的詞在句首，句子部分倒裝，結(jié)構(gòu)為“否定詞（半否定詞）+助動(dòng)詞（be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）+主語”。常見的否定或半否定的詞有：not/ no/ never/ little/ few/ barely/ hardly/ scarcely/ seldom等。本句主語island與visit間構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故選A。

24.答案：【A】。晚飯后，很多人沿著湖邊閑逛，說說笑笑。本題考查的是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語。現(xiàn)在分詞短語表示方式或伴隨情況時(shí)，一般表示次要的動(dòng)作，用來補(bǔ)充說明謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作。本題chatting and laughing用來補(bǔ)充說明謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作。

25.答案：【A】。因?yàn)榻裨绲厣鲜菨竦?，昨晚肯定下雨了。謂語動(dòng)詞用“must have +動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的事情的肯定推測(cè)。

26.答案：【D】。據(jù)報(bào)道，總理參觀了他們學(xué)校。本句考查的是as引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法。as和which做為關(guān)系代詞都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代指整個(gè)主句表示的內(nèi)容。當(dāng)主句在前，as/ which在后面引導(dǎo)定語從句可以相互替換，例如：The earth moves round the sun, as/ which is known to us all.當(dāng)非限制性定語從句位于句首時(shí)，不用which引導(dǎo)，用as引導(dǎo)。本題中，非限制性定語從句位于句首，故用as引導(dǎo)，選D。

27.答案：【C】。要是他今天走，星期日就能到那。本句考查的是虛擬語氣在if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中的應(yīng)用。根據(jù)狀語從句的時(shí)間狀語today，可知表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，故從句用一般過去時(shí)。

28.答案：【C】。你有關(guān)于擁有私人汽車不良影響的文章嗎？由于articles與concern構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用concerning做后置定語修飾articles，表示“有關(guān)”，選C。

29.答案：【D】。經(jīng)理的疏忽導(dǎo)致了書店里的大火。本句考查的是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。強(qiáng)調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)是“It is（was）…that/ who…”，被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分放在is（was）后面。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分可以是主語、賓語、狀語等?！癐t is（was）…who…”只用于強(qiáng)調(diào)主語是人的情況。需注意的是在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，去掉It is（was）和that/ who后，句子仍然完整。因?yàn)楸揪鋸?qiáng)調(diào)的是the manager’s carelessness，所以選擇D。

30.答案：【A】。令海倫嫉妒的是她的父母偏向她的哥哥們。本句考查的是主語從句。what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在句中可以作主語、賓語和表語。本句中，what引導(dǎo)的從句是主語，且what在從句中作主語。

31.答案：【B】。直到昨天晚上，我才把我的決定告訴他們。本句考查的是倒裝句的用法。not until置于句首時(shí)，主句部分倒裝，將be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提前。

32.答案：【A】。如果你不答應(yīng)好好看護(hù)我的電腦，我就不借給你。unless表示“若不，除非”，相當(dāng)于if…not…。本句可改寫為I will not lend my computer to you if you don’t promise to take good care of it.

33.答案：【B】。在“forget +動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式表示的動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生；而“forget +動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。例如：I forgot telling you the story before.類似的動(dòng)詞還有remember。

34.答案：【D】。一定要記得去看望你奶奶，好嗎？本句考查的是祈使句的反意疑問句?？隙ㄐ问郊胺穸ㄐ问降钠硎咕湟蓡柌糠忠话阌脀ill you。

35.答案：【A】。我建議學(xué)生盡快把家庭作業(yè)交上來。本句考查的是虛擬語氣。suggest/ recommend/ propose/ advise/ demand/ command/ order/ insist等動(dòng)詞的賓語從句使用虛擬語氣，謂語動(dòng)詞用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示建議、勸告、要求、命令等，should可以省略。

36.答案：【B】。多給些時(shí)間的話，我們會(huì)做得更好。本句考查的是非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法。經(jīng)分析，此空應(yīng)填非謂語動(dòng)詞，它與其邏輯主語we之間構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)該用過去分詞，選B。本句相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句：If we were given more time, we could do it better.

37.答案：【B】。即使整個(gè)世界都反對(duì)他，他依然堅(jiān)持自己的看法。although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“雖然、即使”。

38.答案：【C】。我認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在是你考慮你的將來的時(shí)候了。本句考查的是虛擬語氣。在“It is (high/ about) time that…”結(jié)構(gòu)中，that引導(dǎo)的從句用一般過去時(shí)，故選C。

39.答案：【D】。他為打壞我的花瓶而抱歉。for是介詞，介詞后用動(dòng)名詞。動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，故應(yīng)該用動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)。break與my vase之間構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故選D。

40.答案：【D】。她年輕的時(shí)候工作非常努力，這導(dǎo)致了她事業(yè)上的成功。本句測(cè)試的是which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的用法。關(guān)系代詞which在非限制性定語從句中，可代指前面主句一整句話，需要注意的是主句和which引導(dǎo)的從句要用逗號(hào)隔開。